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<\/div>\nIn December 2019, the Washington Post released a reviews of\u00a0The Afghanistan Papers<\/strong>. A series of interviews and documents \u201ccompiled in secret\u201d and then the subject of a \u201clegal challenge\u201d from the US government.\u00a0The\u00a0WaPo baldly called it<\/a>:\u00a0<\/em>\u201cA secret history of the war\u201d.\u00a0But there\u2019s nothing here that\u2019s really secret, and very little actual history.\u00a0<\/em>What do they tell us? Absolutely nothing, except what we\u2019re supposed to believe.\u201d (\u00a0Kit Knightly,<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>December 20, 2019)<\/em><\/p>\n What is the unspoken \u201csecret truth\u201d which has not been featured in the Afghanistan Papers? The 2001 US-NATO invasion of Afghanistan sustains the surge in heroin and\u00a0opioid\u00a0addiction in the United States.<\/em><\/p>\n The following article (first published in December 2018) is brought to the attention of Global Research readers as a contribution to the June 26 2020 United Nations \u201cglobal observance to raise awareness of the major problem that illicit drugs represent to society\u201d.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Afghanistan\u2019s opium economy is a multibillion dollar operation which has a\u00a0direct impact on the surge of \u00a0heroin addiction in the US.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Despite president Trump\u2019s announced US troop withdrawal, the Afghan opium trade continues to flourish. It is protected by US-NATO occupation forces on behalf of a nexus of powerful financial and criminal \u00a0interests.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Today a rough estimate based on US retail prices suggests that the global heroin market is above the 500 billion dollars mark. This multibillion dollar hike is the result of\u00a0a significant increase in the volume of heroin transacted Worldwide<\/strong>\u00a0coupled with a moderate increase in retail prices.<\/p>\n Based on the most recent (UNODC) data (2017) opium production in Afghanistan is of the order of 9000 metric tons, which after processing and transformation is equivalent to approximately\u00a0900,000 kg. of pure heroin.<\/strong><\/p>\n With the surge in heroin addiction since 2001, the retail price of heroin has increased. According to DEA intelligence, one gram of pure heroin was selling in December 2016 in the domestic US market for $902 per gram.<\/p>\n The Heroin trade is colossal: one gram of pure heroin selling at $902 is equivalent to almost a million US dollars a kilo ($902,000) (see table below)<\/p>\n Flash back to to 2000-2001.<\/strong><\/p>\n In 2000, the Taliban government with the support of the United Nations implemented a successful drug eradication program, which was presented to the UN General Assembly on October 12, 2001, barely a week after on the onset of US-NATO invasion. Opium production had collapsed by 94 percent.<\/p>\n In 2001 opium production had collapsed to 185 tons down from 3300 tons in 2000. (see\u00a0Remarks on behalf of UNODC Executive Director at the UN General Assembly, Oct 2001<\/a>, excerpt below)<\/p>\n The US-NATO led War against Afghanistan served to Restore the Illicit Heroin trade<\/strong><\/p>\n The Afghan government\u2019s drug eradication program was repealed. \u00a0The 2001 war on Afghanistan served to restore as well as boost the multibillion dollar drug trade. It has also contributed to the surge in heroin addiction in the US.<\/p>\n Opium production had declined by more than 90 per cent in 2001 as a result of the Taliban government\u2019s drug eradication program.<\/p>\n Immediately following the invasion (October 7, 2001) and the occupation of Afghanistan by US-NATO troops, the production of opium regained its historical levels.<\/p>\n In fact the surge in opium cultivation production coincided with the onslaught of the US-led military operation and the downfall of the Taliban regime. From October through December 2001, farmers started to replant poppy on an extensive basis.\u201d (see Michel Chossudovsky, op cit.) \u00a0<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Since 2001, according to UNODC,\u00a0the production of opium has increased 50 times,<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(compared to 185 ton in 2001) reaching 9000 metric tons in 2017.<\/strong>\u00a0It has almost tripled in relation to its historical levels. (See Figure 1 below)<\/p>\n Heroin Addiction in the US<\/strong><\/p>\n Since 2001, the use of heroin in the US has increased more than 20 times. Media reports rarely report how the dramatic increase in the global \u201csupply of heroin\u201d has contributed to \u201cdemand\u201d at the retail level.<\/p>\n There were\u00a0189,000 heroin users<\/a>\u00a0in the US in 2001, before the US-NATO invasion of Afghanistan. By 2012-13, there were 3.8 million heroin users in the US according to a study by Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Extrapolating the 2012-2013 figures (see graph below), one can reasonably confirm that the number of heroin users today (including addicts and casual users) is well in excess of four million.<\/p>\n In 2001,\u00a0<\/strong>1,779 Americans were killed as a result of heroin overdose. By 2016,\u00a0the number of Americans killed as a result of heroin addiction shot up to 15,446<\/strong>. (see graph below)<\/p>\n \u201cMy Administration is committed to fighting the drug epidemic\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>says Donald Trump.<\/p>\n Those lives would have been saved had the US and its NATO allies NOT invaded and occupied Afghanistan in 2001.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n The first thing they did was to undermine the drug eradication program, restore the opium economy and the drug trade.<\/p>\n Source:\u00a0National Institute of Drug Abuse<\/a><\/p>\n Opium production has increased 50 times in relation to 2001 (following the Afghan government\u2019s drug eradication program).\u00a0In 2001, the areas of opium cultivation had fallen to 8000 hectares (185 metric tons of opium).<\/p>\n According to the UNODC, Afghanistan produces (2007) 93% of the illegal \u201cnon-pharmaceutical-grade opiates\u201d namely \u00a0heroin.<\/p>\n MARJAH, Helmand province, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan \u2013 Corporal Mark Hickok, a 23-year-old combat engineer from North Olmstead, Ohio, patrols through a field during a clearing mission April 9. Marines with Company B, 1st Tank Battalion, learned basic route clearance techniques from engineers like Hickok, who are deployed with 1st Combat Engineer Battalion. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. John M. McCall)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n The\u00a02017 Afghanistan Opium Survey<\/a>\u00a0(released in May 2018) by UNODC confirms that the farm areas allocated to opium are of the order of 328,000 hectares with opium production\u00a0in excess of 9,000 tons. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n War is good for business. It contributed to spearheading heroin use. The Afghan opium economy feeds into a lucrative trade in narcotics and money laundering.<\/p>\n It is worth noting that in 2010 UNODC modified the concepts and figures on opium sales and heroin production, as outlined by the\u00a0 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).<\/p>\n \u201cUNODC estimates that a large proportion of the Afghan opium harvest is not processed into heroin or morphine\u201d\u00a0<\/strong>(UNODC, 2010a). \u2026EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis,<\/a>\u00a0EMCDDA, Lisbon, January 2013 emphasis added.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n What this new methodology has done is to obfuscate the size and criminal nature of the Afghan drug trade, intimating \u2013without evidence\u2013 that up to 20% of Afghan opium is no longer channeled towards the illegal heroin market.<\/p>\n More than Half a Trillion Dollars<\/strong><\/p>\n The profits are largely reaped at the level of the international wholesale and retail markets of heroin as well as in the process of money laundering in Western banking institutions, an issue which is not addressed by the Vienna based UNODC.<\/p>\n The global monetary value of the heroin market (which is protected by powerful groups) is colossal.<\/p>\n Estimation<\/strong><\/p>\n The retail price of heroin (sold by the gram) can vary dramatically from one country to another, it also depends on the percentage of pure heroin. This does not facilitate the process of estimating the monetary value of the global trade in heroin.<\/p>\n Recorded retail street prices for heroin with a low level of purity must be converted to a dollar value which corresponds to pure heroin.<\/p>\n What is sold at the street level usually has a low percentage of pure heroin. The process of estimation requires transforming the street level prices into what the DEA calls\u00a0heroin price per gram pure (PPG)<\/strong><\/p>\n From one ton of opium you can produce 100 kilos of pure heroin. The US retail prices for heroin (with a low level of purity) was, according to UNODC (2012) of the order of $172 a gram (namely $17,200 per kilo)<\/p>\n The estimated price per gram of pure heroin, however, is substantially higher.<\/p>\n In December 2016, the heroin price per gram pure (PPG)\u00a0was of the order of\u00a0$902 in the US, according to DEA intelligence<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0ie. $902,000 a kilo.<\/strong><\/p>\n Heroin Prices in the UK<\/strong><\/p>\n In the UK which is the entry point of Afghan heroin into the EU market, the recorded retail price (according to a 2015 estimate quoted by the Guardian) is consistent with that estimated for the US market by the DEA:<\/p>\n \u201cAn imported kilo [of heroin] cut at 25% street purity provides enough raw material for 16,000 individual deals at \u00a310 a hit \u2013 pushing the takings to \u00a3160,000 [a kilo] (The Guardian<\/a>, December 20, 2015)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n GBP160,000 (25% purity) converts into\u00a0GBP 640,000 per kilo for pure heroin<\/strong>, ie. approximately \u00a0US$960,000 per kilo (December 2015 GBP USD exchange rate).<\/p>\n Rough Estimate of the \u00a0Monetary Value of \u00a0Afghanistan\u2019s Global Heroin Market<\/strong><\/p>\n According to the UNODC, 7600-7900 tons of opium were available for heroin production\u00a0and export\u00a0(out of a total of 9000-9300 metric tons). According to the UNODC, approximately half of the opium is processed into heroin within Afghanistan.<\/p>\n The global monetary value for heroin can be roughly estimated using the US price equivalent PPG measurement for pure heroin of US 902,000\u00a0a kg. (December 2016, DEA) and the (lower) production figure of 790,000 kg of pure heroin (estimated by the UNODC).<\/p>\n Using the US retail price equivalent of pure heroin (DEA),\u00a0the global monetary value generated by the Afghan heroin trade (2017) is of the order of \u00a0$712,580,000,000 (712.58 billion dollars), an amount equivalent to the US defense budget.<\/strong><\/p>\n This is a conservative estimate<\/strong>\u00a0based on adopting the \u201clower\u00a0figure\u201d of 7900 metric tons (2017) \u00a0(recommended by the UNODC methodology which is arbitrary and questionable, see above).<\/p>\n If we had based the calculation on the total production of opium which is in excess of 9ooo metric tons (2017), the global monetary value of the heroin market would have been in excess of $800 billion. It should also be mentioned that this estimate relies solely on the the US price for pure heroin (DEA).<\/p>\n Back in August 2018, President \u00a0Trump signed the 2019 National Defense Authorization Act \u201cwhich authorizes a top-line [defense] budget of $717 billion\u201d, just a few million dollars in excess of the estimated global monetary value of the Afghan heroin market.<\/p>\n The global monetary value of the heroin market is of the same order of magnitude as the defense budget of the USA.<\/p>\n Needless to say, the Pentagon not to mention the CIA which launched the opium economy in Afghanistan in the late 1970s \u00a0are intent upon protecting this multibillion dollar industry.\u00a0The proceeds of the Afghan drug trade were initially used to\u00a0finance the recruitment of Al Qaeda Mujahideen mercenaries to fight in the Soviet-Afghan war.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Screen-Shot-2018-12-30-at-13.24.02.png\")
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