{"id":79362,"date":"2021-08-14T17:40:34","date_gmt":"2021-08-14T21:40:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/?p=79362"},"modified":"2021-08-14T17:40:34","modified_gmt":"2021-08-14T21:40:34","slug":"vital-insight-into-neurotoxic-and-toxicity-of-spike-fragments-sars-cov-2-by-exposure-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/?p=79362","title":{"rendered":"Vital insight into neurotoxic and toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 by exposure environment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div id=\"region-branding\" class=\"grid-15 prefix-1 region region-branding print-display-block\">\n<div class=\"region-inner region-branding-inner\">\n<div class=\"branding-data clearfix\">\n<div class=\"logo-img\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/\" rel=\"home\" data-icon-position=\"\" data-hide-link-title=\"0\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/sites\/default\/files\/bioRxiv_article.jpg\" 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papers.\u00a0A reminder: they have not been formally peer-reviewed and should not guide health-related behavior or be reported in the press as conclusive.<\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-panel panel-region-content\">\n<div class=\"inside\">\n<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation\">\n<div class=\"pane-content\">\n<div id=\"node1731964\" class=\"highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article\" data-node-nid=\"1731964\" data-pisa=\"biorxiv;2021.01.11.425914v1\" data-pisa-master=\"biorxiv;2021.01.11.425914\" data-apath=\"\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914.atom\" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_author_tooltip\">\n<div class=\"highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-biorxiv-article-top clearfix has-author-tooltip\"><span class=\"biorxiv-article-type\"> New Results <\/span><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"page-title\" class=\"highwire-cite-title\">An insight into neurotoxic and toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 by exposure environment: A threat to aquatic health?<\/h1>\n<div class=\"highwire-cite-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-authors\"><span class=\"highwire-citation-author first\" data-delta=\"0\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Ives<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Charlie-Silva<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"1\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Amanda P. C.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Ara\u00fajo<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"2\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Abra\u00e3o T. B.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Guimar\u00e3es<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"3\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Fl\u00e1vio P<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Veras<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"4\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Helyson L. B.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Braz<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"5\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Let\u00edcia G.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">de Pontes<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"6\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Roberta J. B.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Jorge<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"7\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Marco A. A.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Belo<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"8\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Bianca H V.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Fernandes<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author hw-author-orcid-logo-wrapper\" data-delta=\"9\"><a class=\"hw-author-orcid-logo link-icon-only link-icon\" href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-5076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span class=\"title element-invisible\">View ORCID Profile<\/span><\/a><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Rafael H.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">N\u00f3brega<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"10\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Giovane<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Galdino<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"11\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Ant\u00f4nio<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Condino-Neto<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"12\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Jorge<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Galindo-Villegas<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"13\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Glaucia M.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Machado-Santelli<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"14\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Paulo R. S.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Sanches<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"15\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Rafael M.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Rezende<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"16\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Eduardo M.<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Cilli<\/span><\/span>, <span class=\"highwire-citation-author\" data-delta=\"17\"><span class=\"nlm-given-names\">Guilherme<\/span> <span class=\"nlm-surname\">Malafaia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"highwire-cite-metadata\"><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata\"><span class=\"label\">doi:<\/span> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.11.425914 <\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"pub_jnl\">This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/what-unrefereed-preprint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">what does this mean?<\/a>].<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-separator\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs\">\n<div id=\"cshl_widget\"><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-comment first\"><i class=\"icon-comment-alt\"><\/i><span id=\"count_comments\">0<\/span><\/a><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-trip nocontent\"><i class=\"icon-check\"><\/i><span id=\"count_trip\">0<\/span><\/a><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-community nocontent\"><i class=\"icon-group\"><\/i><span id=\"count_community_reviews\">0<\/span><\/a><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-automated nocontent\"><i class=\"icon-cogs\"><\/i><span id=\"count_auto_reviews\">0<\/span><\/a><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-blog\"><i class=\"icon-desktop\"><\/i><span id=\"count_blog_links\">2<\/span><\/a><a class=\"csh-panelc-tab-twitter last\"><i class=\"icon-twitter\"><\/i><span id=\"count_twitter\">1883<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-separator\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed\">\n<div class=\"pane-content\">\n<div class=\"item-list\">\n<ul class=\"tabs inline panels-ajax-tab\">\n<li class=\"first active\"><a class=\"panels-ajax-tab-tab panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed panels-ajax-tabs-first-loaded hw-panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.01.11.425914v1\" data-panel-name=\"biorxiv_tab_art\" data-target-id=\"highwire_article_tabs\" data-entity-context=\"node:1731964\" data-trigger=\"\" data-url-enabled=\"1\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"panels-ajax-tab-tab panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed hw-panels-ajax-tabs-once-processed\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.01.11.425914v1.full-text\" data-panel-name=\"article_tab_full_text\" data-target-id=\"highwire_article_tabs\" data-entity-context=\"node:1731964\" data-trigger=\"full-text\" data-url-enabled=\"1\">Full Text<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a 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data-panel-name=\"biorxiv_tab_pdf\" data-target-id=\"highwire_article_tabs\" data-entity-context=\"node:1731964\" data-trigger=\"full.pdf+html\" data-url-enabled=\"1\"><i class=\"icon-file-alt\"><\/i> Preview PDF<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-separator\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container\">\n<div class=\"pane-content\">\n<div id=\"panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs\" class=\"panels-ajax-tab-container\" data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded=\"biorxiv_tab_art\">\n<div class=\"panels-ajax-tab-wrap-biorxiv_tab_art\">\n<div class=\"panel-display panel-1col clearfix\">\n<div class=\"panel-panel panel-col\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\">\n<div class=\"pane-content\">\n<div class=\"highwire-markup\">\n<div id=\"content-block-markup\" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\"highwire_reflinks_tooltip\">\n<div class=\"article abstract-view \">\n<div id=\"abstract-1\" class=\"section abstract\">\n<h2 class=\"\">ABSTRACT<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p-2\">The Spike protein (S protein) is a critical component in the infection of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The objective of this work was to evaluate whether peptides from S protein could cause negative impact in the aquatic animals. The aquatic toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptides derivatives has been evaluated in tadpoles (n = 50 tadpoles \/ 5 replicates of 10 animals) from species Physalaemus cuvieri (Leptodactylidae). After synthesis, purification, and characterization of peptides (PSDP2001, PSDP2002, PSDP2003) an aquatic contamination has been simulatedwith these peptides during 24 hours of exposure in two concentrations (100 and 500 ng\/mL). The control group (\u201cC\u201d) was composed of tadpoles kept in polyethylene containers containing de-chlorinated water. Oxidative stress, antioxidant biomarkers and neurotoxicity activity were assessed. In both concentrations, PSPD2002 and PSPD2003 increased catalase and superoxide dismutase antioxidants enzymes activities, as well as oxidative stress (nitrite levels, hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species). All three peptides also increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the highest concentration. These peptides showed molecular interactions in silico with acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes. Aquatic particle contamination of SARS-CoV-2 has neurotoxics effects in P. cuvieri tadpoles. These findings indicate that the COVID-19 can constitute environmental impact or biological damage potential.<\/p>\n<div id=\"sec-1\" class=\"subsection\">\n<p><strong>HIGHLIGHTS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul id=\"list-1\" class=\"list-unord \">\n<li id=\"list-item-1\">\n<p id=\"p-3\">SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptides (PSDP) were synthesized, purified, and characterized by solid phase peptide synthesis.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"list-item-2\">\n<p id=\"p-4\">PSDP peptides promoted REDOX imbalance and acute neurotoxicity in tadpoles (Physalaemus cuvieri)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"list-item-3\">\n<p id=\"p-5\">In silico studies have shown interactionsbetween peptides and acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"list-item-4\">\n<p id=\"p-6\">Aquatic particle contamination of SARS-CoV-2 can constitute additional environmental damage<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sec-2\" class=\"subsection\">\n<div id=\"F1\" class=\"fig pos-float type-figure  odd\">\n<div class=\"highwire-figure\">\n<div class=\"fig-inline-img-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"fig-inline-img\"><a class=\"highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load highwireFiguresMarkupProcessor-processed cboxElement\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914\/F1.large.jpg?width=800&amp;height=600&amp;carousel=1\" rel=\"gallery-fragment-images-2005730877\" data-figure-caption=\"&lt;div class=&quot;highwire-markup&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-icon-position=\"\" data-hide-link-title=\"0\"><span class=\"hw-responsive-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"highwire-fragment fragment-image  lazyloaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914\/F1.medium.gif\" alt=\"Figure\" width=\"440\" height=\"234\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914\/F1.medium.gif\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"highwire-figure-links inline\">\n<li class=\"download-fig first\"><a class=\"highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\" title=\"Download Figure1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\" data-icon-position=\"\" data-hide-link-title=\"0\">Download figure<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"new-tab last\"><a class=\"highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/biorxiv\/early\/2021\/01\/13\/2021.01.11.425914\/F1.large.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-icon-position=\"\" data-hide-link-title=\"0\">Open in new tab<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Competing Interest Statement<\/h3>\n<p id=\"p-7\">The authors have declared no competing interest.<\/p>\n<p>Paper in collection <b><a href=\"http:\/\/connect.biorxiv.org\/relate\/content\/181\">COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv<\/a><\/b><\/p>\n<p>__<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.01.11.425914v1\">https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.01.11.425914v1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-79362","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=79362"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79362\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=79362"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=79362"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/stateofthenation.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=79362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}